Exploring the anti-metastatic potential of sunitinib and novel analogs in colorectal cancer: insights into HIF-1α mediated metastasis

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy worldwide with high mortality rate. Metastasis, the primary cause of cancer-related deaths, is attributed to various factors including tumor hypoxia. Due to the urgent demand for potent anti-metastatic agents, we aimed to determine the effects of sunitinib and novel analogs on the metastatic behavior of human CRC cells in hypoxic condition for the first time. Methods For in silico analyses, pathogenic targets of metastatic CRC were identified, PPI network was constructed and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. The expression of HIF1A was evaluated in seven CRC cell lines, and computational modeling was carried out to define the interaction of sunitinib with HIF-1α. For in vitro studies, analogs of sunitinib were synthesized, and cells were assessed for viability, migration, invasion, MMPs activity and gene expression in hypoxic condition. Results and Discussion Computational analyses highlighted the importance of HIF-1α as a crucial mediator of metastasis in CRC. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated favorable and stable interaction of sunitinib and three novel analogs with HIF-1α PAS-B domain. Volcano plots indicated upregulation of HIF1A in LoVo cells compared to six other CRC cell lines. Findings of in vitro studies revealed considerable inhibitory effects of sunitinib and analogs on LoVo cell migration and invasion in hypoxic condition. Gelatin zymography and qPCR analysis indicated decreased activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, along with downregulation of EMT transcription factors in hypoxic condition. Current study reports promising anti-metastatic effects of sunitinib and novel analogs on CRC cells, providing foundation for further investigation to combat cancer metastasis.