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Influenza Immunization in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: Epidemiology and Long-Term Outcomes

Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Dammann, Marie-Theres;
ORCID
0009-0000-3200-5373
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Kraft, Hannah;
ORCID
0000-0003-1769-1859
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Stichtenoth, Guido;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Hanke, Kathrin;
ORCID
0000-0001-9528-7419
Affiliation
Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University, 66123 Homburg, Germany;
Zemlin, Michael;
ORCID
0009-0007-2433-707X
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Medical School and University Medical Center East Westphalia-Lippe, Bielefeld University, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany;
Soler Wenglein, Janina;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Ricklefs, Isabell;
ORCID
0000-0002-1830-4622
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Herz, Alexander;
Affiliation
Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
Humberg, Alexander;
Affiliation
Center for Infection Research, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
Viemann, Dorothee;
ORCID
0000-0003-0873-3631
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;(G.E.);(C.H.)
Engels, Geraldine;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Kopp, Matthias Volkmar;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Brinkmann, Folke;
ORCID
0000-0002-2579-5546
Affiliation
Scientific Computing Unit, Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max-Plank-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany;
Fortmann-Grote, Carsten;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Göpel, Wolfgang;
ORCID
0000-0002-7189-879X
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Herting, Egbert;
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;(G.E.);(C.H.)
Härtel, Christoph;
ORCID
0000-0003-1676-8340
Affiliation
Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;(H.K.);(G.S.);(K.H.);(A.H.);(M.V.K.);(F.B.);(W.G.);(E.H.);(I.F.)
Fortmann, Ingmar

Background: Very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs; birth weight < 1500 g) are at an increased risk of complicated influenza infection, which frequently includes pneumonia, encephalitis or even death. Data on influenza immunization and its outcome in VLBWIs are scarce. This study aimed to provide epidemiological data on influenza immunization for German VLBWIs and hypothesized that immunization would protect VLBWIs from infection-mediated neurodevelopmental impairment and preserves lung function at early school age. Methods: In this observational population-based German Neonatal Network (GNN) study, infants born between 2009 and 2015 were invited to partake in a 6-year follow-up investigation including lung function and developmental testing. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza-immunized VLBWIs compared to non-immunized VLBWIs. Results: Influenza immunization was performed in 871 out of the 3358 VLBWIs (26%) with six-year follow-up. Immunized infants were characterized by a low gestational age and higher rates of morbidity, particularly bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although early immunization showed no safety signals and had protective effects on the long-term risk of bronchitis (OR: 0.2; CI: 0.1–0.6; p = 0.002), most VLBWIs (88.0%) were unimmunized in their first influenza season. Conclusions: Influenza immunization was not associated with improved lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity) or a better neurocognitive outcome (intelligence quotient and strengths and difficulties questionnaire) at early school age. In Germany, only one quarter of 6-year-old VLBWIs were immunized against influenza, particularly those born <28 gestational weeks and/or BPD. Specific influenza immunization guidelines that define evidence-based recommendations are needed for this vulnerable group.

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Category

Editor:
Zeng, Mingtao
Published in:
Vaccines  
Vol. 13, No. 1 (07.01.2025)
Volume:
13
No.:
1
Date Issued:
07.01.2025
DOI:
10.3390/vaccines13010042
Language:
English
Type of Resource:
Text
Keywords:
immunization; influenza; VLBWI; lung function
DDC:
610 Medizin und Gesundheit

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