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Unleashing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: factors, strategies, and ongoing trials

Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Yu, Jiahui;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Li, Mengnan;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Ren, Boxu;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Cheng, Le;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Wang, Xiaoxiao;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Ma, Zhaowu;
Affiliation
Department of Haematology–Oncology ,National University Cancer Institute ,Singapore ,Singapore
Yong, Wei Peng;
Affiliation
School of Basic Medicine ,Health Science Center ,Yangtze University ,Jingzhou ,China
Chen, Xiaoguang;
Affiliation
NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR) ,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine ,National University of Singapore ,Singapore
Wang, Lingzhi;
Affiliation
Department of Haematology–Oncology ,National University Cancer Institute ,Singapore ,Singapore
Goh, Boon Cher

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent primary liver cancer, representing approximately 85% of cases. The diagnosis is often made in the middle and late stages, necessitating systemic treatment as the primary therapeutic option. Despite sorafenib being the established standard of care for advanced HCC in the past decade, the efficacy of systemic therapy remains unsatisfactory, highlighting the need for novel treatment modalities. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy have shown promise in HCC treatment, particularly with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the response rate to ICIs is currently limited to approximately 15%–20% of HCC patients. Recently, ICIs demonstrated greater efficacy in “hot" tumors, highlighting the urgency to devise more effective approaches to transform “cold" tumors into “hot" tumors, thereby enhancing the therapeutic potential of ICIs. This review presented an updated summary of the factors influencing the effectiveness of immunotherapy in HCC treatment, identified potential combination therapies that may improve patient response rates to ICIs, and offered an overview of ongoing clinical trials focusing on ICI-based combination therapy.

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License Holder: Copyright © 2023 Yu, Li, Ren, Cheng, Wang, Ma, Yong, Chen, Wang and Goh.

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