Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) as crucial regulators in cardiovascular diseases: structures, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic approach

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases that have a major impact on global health and are the leading cause of death. A large number of chemical base modifications in ribonucleic acid (RNA) are associated with cardiovascular diseases. A variety of ribonucleic acid modifications exist in cells, among which adenosine deaminase-dependent modification is one of the most common ribonucleic acid modifications. Adenosine deaminase acting on ribonucleic acid 1 (Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1) is a widely expressed double-stranded ribonucleic acid adenosine deaminase that forms inosine (A-to-I) by catalyzing the deamination of adenosine at specific sites of the target ribonucleic acid. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure of Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 and summarize the regulatory mechanisms of ADAR1-mediated ribonucleic acid editing in cardiovascular diseases, indicating Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 as a promising therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.