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Reinforcement of Calcium Phosphate Cement with Hybrid Silk Fibroin/Kappa-Carrageenan Nanofibers

ORCID
0000-0003-4856-2398
Affiliation
Biomaterials Group, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj 31779-83634, Iran
Roshanfar, Fahimeh;
Affiliation
Biomaterials Group, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj 31779-83634, Iran
Hesaraki, Saeed;
Affiliation
Department of Health Technology, Institute of Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Dolatshahi-Pirouz, Alireza;
Affiliation
Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49341-74515, Iran
Saeidi, Mohsen;
ORCID
0000-0002-0315-1950
Affiliation
Institute for Multiphase Processes (IMP), Leibniz University Hannover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
Leal-Marin, Sara;
Affiliation
Institute for Multiphase Processes (IMP), Leibniz University Hannover, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
Glasmacher, Birgit;
ORCID
0000-0002-0773-300X
Affiliation
NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
Orive, Gorka;
Affiliation
Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom 37169-93456, Iran
Khan Einipour, Sajjad

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) offer a promising solution for treating bone defects due to their osteoconductive, injectable, biocompatible, and bone replacement properties. However, their brittle nature restricts their utilization to non-load-bearing applications. In this study, the impact of hybrid silk fibroin (SF) and kappa-carrageenan (k-CG) nanofibers as reinforcements in CPC was investigated. The CPC composite was fabricated by incorporating electrospun nanofibers in 1, 3, and 5% volume fractions. The morphology, mineralization, mechanical properties, setting time, injectability, cell adhesion, and mineralization of the CPC composites were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the addition of the nanofibers improved the CPC mixture, leading to an increase in compressive strength (14.8 ± 0.3 MPa compared to 8.1 ± 0.4 MPa of the unreinforced CPC). Similar improvements were seen in the bending strength and work fracture (WOF). The MC3T3-E1 cell culture experiments indicated that cells attached well to the surfaces of all cement samples and tended to join their adjacent cells. Additionally, the CPC composites showed higher cell mineralization after a culture period of 14 days, indicating that the SF/k-CG combination has potential for applications as a CPC reinforcement and bone cell regeneration promoter.

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